Himalayan Tourism is very popular among tourists from all over the world. And no one can have best Himalayan tourism experience without visiting Himachal Pradesh – one of the most beautiful states of India offering amazing sightseeing options in western Himalayas. The state has everything to be a world famous tourist destination. Nature, Scenery, Wildlife, Adventure, Sport, History, Heritage, Architecture, Paintings, Handicrafts, Carvings, Fairs, Festivals, Celebrations, Religion, Temples, Pilgrimage, Leisure, Legends, Music, Dance, etc team up together and makes Himachal widely popular among tourists. Himachal Pradesh is indeed a paradise for tourists.
Nature has blessed it with her exceptional beauty and delightful ambiance. Lush green landscapes, snow clad Himalayan ranges, verdant hill stations, meadows of both cultivated and wild flowers, and serene, peaceful and hospitable environment make this state very favorite among honeymoon couples. Honeymoon couples will hardly to find elsewhere in such attractions and delightful ambiance oh their honeymoon tours or holidays.
Shimla is the state capital of Himachal Pradesh, very popular among honeymoon couples, weekend vacationers, nature lovers and adventure seekers. Sightseeing in Shimla is a delightful experience. Lined by shops & restaurants, the Mall is the prime tourist attraction and shopping centre of this beautiful hill town. A visit to Jakhoo Hill provides a great treat to your eyes with panoramic view of town, hills and distant mountain ranges. There are spectacular views at sunrise and sunset, especially during monsoons. Don’t forget to visit Hanuman Temple perched on the Jakhoo Hill. Visiting Chadwick Waterfalls, on the way to Summer Hill and encircled by lush green woods, gives a great feast to tourists’ eyes. Himachal State Museum Tara Devi Temple, Kamna Devi Temple, Indian Institute of Advanced Study – housed in the former Vice-regal Lodge, Sankat Mochan and Christ Church are other worth visiting attractions of Shimla tour package.
Not only Shimla, Kullu and Manali are also worldwide famous destinations of Himachal Tourism. No one think complete travel and tourism in Himachal Pradesh without exploring beautiful hill towns of Kullu and Manali. Manali – the internationally famous hill resorts – is situated in the district of Kullu valley. Entire Kullu valley is worth visiting and worth exploring. Kullu and Manali region is dotted with several temple attractions like Raghunathji temple, Bijli Mahadev Temple, Vaishno Devi Temple, Hidimba Temple, Vashisth Temple, Jagatsukh Temple, Manu Temple and several other religious shrines. That’s why, Manali is said to be the city of gods and Kullu valley is regarded as the valley of gods. From each part of the country, Domestic tourists head for tours to Manali and Kullu Valley to visit religious shrines and temples.
Kullu and Manali are not only destinations for domestic tourists or pilgrimage tourists but they are also destinations for all. They are destination for honeymoon couples. They are destination for nature lovers. They are destination for culture lovers. They are destination for special interest tourists. They are destination for off-beat tourists. They are destination for adventure & sport lovers. Truly the landscapes of Kullu Manali region are worth exploring and capable to grab the heart of tourists. Travelers from all over the world embark on Kullu Manali tour to get ultimate Himalayan tourism experience.
White water rafting, kayaking, mountain biking, snow-skating, skiing, heli-skiing, paragliding, etc are popular activities which can be enjoyed on tours to Manali. Manali Mountaineering Institute, Vashisth Hot Water Spring, Manikaran, Meadows of wild flowers, Lush green valleys, Snow-clad mountain peaks, Rohtang Pass, Rahala Waterfalls, Raghunathji Temple, Bijli Mahadev Temple, Hidimba Temple, Solang Valley, etc are prime attractions of Kullu and Manali visit. If you too want to enjoy the charm of picturesque Kullu valley and magnetic Manali, well, you are welcome to Himachal Pradesh, India. Book your Kullu Manali tour package provided by tour operators or travel agencies. And get ready to treasure a lifetime tourism experience.
Saturday, December 5, 2009
Adventure Tour of Himalayas - India and Nepal
India is full of adventures; the Himalayan mountain range alone is world fame for its beauty and Adventure Tours. Nubra and Zanskar valleys in Ladakh, PIN Valley, SPITI, and valley of god in himachal pradesh, tiger hill, DARJEELING are few of them. Apart from himalaya there are so many places in South India to visit as well.India offers great opportunities for trekking, mountaineering, white water rafting, skiing, hang-gliding, mountain biking, and high altitude motorbike and jeep safaris for adventure enthusiasts. The Indian Himalaya is a trekker's paradise. It's all here, from easy nature walks through pine forests and alpine meadows to tough gradients at high altitudes where sparkling glacial lakes will take your breath away. Pick your choice and enjoy what only the Himalaya can offer.There is something for everyone. Families can go camping, or stay in hotels that cater for all tastes and budgets. Hard core adventure seekers can go on expeditions to challenging peaks in the awesome Himalayan ranges. The Indian Himalaya hides exotic places and people. Legendary Ladakh, with its spectacular lunarscape dotted with ancient Buddhist monasteries and breathtaking Nubra and Zanskar valleys. Spiti, a high altitude cold desert valley bordering Tibet and showcasing Buddhist culture. Sikkim, Darjeeling, and Garhwal, each with its own unique Himalayan ambience and experience. All you need to enjoy it is reasonable physical fitness, a budget and the inclination. For culture vultures, there’s a tantalizing array of historic places and cultures to explore and experience. India is a land of Pilgrimage. There are endless holy places, shrines, stupas, gurudwaras, temple towns and holy rivers. You can visit historic monuments. The Taj Mahal, the Temples of Khajuraho, Varansi, Red Fort, Fatehpur Sikri, Palaces of Rajasthan and much more. For nature lovers, India offers jungle safaris, desert safaris in Rajasthan, elephant and tiger reserves, snake parks, house-boats on the backwaters of Kerala, tea gardens and coffee plantations.The Himalaya provides an environment that promotes exploration and physical activity that ensures the healthy development of children and adults, fostering discipline, mental co-ordination, teamwork and physical fitness.
Male28 yearsB.C.A
Male28 yearsB.C.A
Herbal treatments to tackle motality and male infertility problem
In the distant past, most medical remedies came directly from plants and herbs, herbal remedies and even today are effective in treating some of our problems such as infertility disgust. If you have never considered an herbal alternative to help you conceive, let me introduce you to some of the most popular herbal supplements and more effective use in the treatment of infertility. Flax seed oil This is an herbal product that is useful for both males and females who are trying to overcome infertility, for men is important because flax seed oil ingredients help maintain healthy sperm and prevent impotence. In women the value of flax seed oil lies in its ability to fight menopausal symptoms, menstrual cramps and female infertility. The lining and the natural plant estrogen's in flax seed help stabilize the ratio of transformation of the estrogen-progesterone, and this is important for fertility and for the relief of symptoms of various woman's issues. Ginseng This is a common herb that is popular in the East where it is consumed widely in teas and health products has shown levels of testosterone increase, accounts of the semen, increases relational desire as well as increase the motility of sperm. Again, this is a supplement to the male partner takes.Himalayan men health products Himalayan men health products are combination of well balanced herbal ingredients designed to overcome male fertility problems, improves quality of semen. This supplement is considered to be the strong antioxidant fight against the debilitating effects of free-radical compounds. It increase sperm count, Motility, Corrects male infertility, Himalaya products are formulation of natural herbs and minerals designed to overcome male fertility problems and give new hope to childless couples.A clinical trial showed that Himalayan products improves quality of sperm in men by significant amounts and their uses in treating infertility are peer has skyrocketed since then. The main advantage of this herb is for men, helping to produce the quality and quantity of his sperm, so this is for the male partner of a couple who is trying to conceive. It is one of the most popular herbal treatments for female infertility and male infertility. The value of this herb is its reputed role in the production of cervical mucus leading to the concept. It makes the mucus more fertile ground for half the sperm and this is important because sperm must be sustained if it is a healthy move successfully through the cervix. In fact, if the mucus is healthy sperm can survive for up to five days in the tube fallopian tubes, increasing the chance of the concept even further copulation. Thus the presence of cervical mucus proper and healthy at the time of ovulation is vital to take supplements and fertility oil spring evening is one of the best ways to ensure that the mucus is healthy. It can cause uterine contractions that could be harmful during pregnancy and that are why they should be used only from menstruation until ovulation. As you can see, some herbal products are very common, easily obtained can play a huge role in overcoming the health problems that contribute to infertility in women and men. If you are trying to improve their ability to conceive a healthy baby then you should definitely consider these natural products, herbal now being used by men and women all around the world.
Read more on male fertility and Herbal Remedies and Natural Remedies
Read more on male fertility and Herbal Remedies and Natural Remedies
Flood Disaster and its Preparedness in Assam, a Northeast India
Being a part of eastern Himalayan ranges falls in the world’s wettest monsoon belt, this northeast part of India has always enjoyed the blessing of huge potentiality of water resources. As concerning the average annual potentiality of water in the Brahmaputra’s river basin and estimation of monsoon run off, it has always endowed with tremendous potentiality of water resources in the country. The eight percent of spatial dimension of this Northeast part has endowed the ability of hydropower potentiality of about 59000 MW which implies about 40% of the country’s total hydro power potential. Only 2% that is 1100 MW has been harnessed so far in this part and it has increased for tapping up to 4029 MW which is only 7% of the total hydro-potential in the region. Harnessing of river waters in the different fields like multipurpose hydropoject, irrigation, cultivation, geo-tourism, geo-park scientifically have come more important to reduce the flood havoc in the entire state of Assam, a northeast India.
The Brahmaputra is the fourth biggest river in the world in terms of annual discharge rate of about 19,830 cubic meter per second as its mouth and its catchments area is about 5, 80,000 sq.km located in the eastern Himalayan ranges and its neighbors that has occupied the area belonging to the four countries in percentage i.e. Tibetan Plateau of China (50.52%), India (33.62%), Bhutan (7.76%) and Bangladesh (8.10%). High order drainages of about 52 numbers of tributaries feed the Brahmaputra in the downstream side making it constant viable water resources in the region. Of these, the major 19 tributaries lie in the north bank while 12 others significant tributaries are in the south bank of the mighty river. In general, all total 15 numbers of principal tributaries lies in the Indian Territory. It may be worth mentioned that the Dihang (Siang), i.e. Tsangpo in the upper reaches and Subansiri contributes 37.40% and 10.66% surface run off to the Brahmaputra respectively. Moreover, the other two important tributories like Dibang (sikang) and Lohit contibutes around 7.65% and 9.50% surface runoff to the mighty river. Other tributaries such as Manas contributes water annually 6.75% (38,000 million cubic meters), Sonkosh contributes 3.18% (18,000 million cubic meters) and Burhidihing 2.65% (15,000 million cubic meters) annually to the Brahmaputra basin. Moreover, other important rivers are like Kopili, Jiabharali, Dudhnoi, Krishnai, Pagladia, Beki etc.
It has been seen that different major tributaries of Brahmaputra river such as Dihang, Subansiri, Dibang, Luit, Manas etc. and the significant tributaries and sub tributaries like Jiadhol, Ranganadi, Gai nadi, Simen Nadi, Burhidihing, Kopili, Dudhnoi, Krishnai, Bolbola, Beki, Pagladia are associated with Brahmaputra Valley that have always been causing a periodic flood havoc in the monsoon seasons. In this consequence, watershed prioritization and mamangement of each and every river’s have come most important for mitigation of flood hazards in their downstream areas. The scientific hydrological approach is to bring the tributaries under control so that their water level comes down the danger level during the monsoon period. This huge task seems to be very challenging keeping view in volume of runoff and topographical characteristics. The four tributaries viz Dihang, Dibang,Luit and Subansiri have contributed around 65 percent of water volume to the Basin of mighty Brahmaputra river. The hydrological data of three rivers like Dibang, Subansiri and Luit may be available or may be acquired due to their major catchment area falls in India but there would be required more hydrological data from the Tibetan China as concern to the management of Dihang or Tsangpo River in that part. This is true that Dihang cannot be managed easily due to its large size of hydrological characteristics and there is need to set up a common scientific platform consisting of China and India to manage the Tsangpo along the course. From the satellite images it can be visualized that China’s development activities in the banks of Tsangpo is also going on rapidly and recently they have set up a Air Base with a length of 5 kms and breadh of 1 kms located in the south banks of Tsangpo River near the south of Lhasa. This Air Base has well connected through a bridge with length of about 11 kms which connected to its northern banks and its terrain and another Lhasa river including a 2.5 kms trunnel inside the terrain at 3600 m from the mean sea level.
It is also true that if theses four tributaries come under control than it will be a great help to mitigate the flood hazards in the downstream areas particularly to the upper Assam region. The management of these major rivers including Jiabharali and Burhidihing by collective means of methodologies like aforestation, watershed prioritization, irrigation project, fishing cultivation, ground water recharges, linking of rivers, setting geo-tourism spots at vulnerable location where embankment breached, water way communication, open inundation in the low lying area, multipurpose hydro power projects etc would be very fruitful measures in the long term for minimizing and prevention of flood havoc in the Districts of Dhemaji, Lakhimpur, Dibrugarh, Tinsukia, Sibsagar, and Sunitpur.
The periodic flood havoc is one of the main reasons for which it has always interrupted in increasing trend of per capita income in the state. The state has to lose huge quantity of cultivation on lakhs of hectares of land apart from river bank erosion has been taken place in hundreds of hectares of land. Brahmaputra is the second largest river in terms of load deposition after the yellow river of China where the weathering and Brahmaputra’s bank erosions rate are tremendously increasing due to various factors of geological and technological reasons which will lead to large deposition of siltataion in the river bed. As a result discharge capacities of rivers have come down due to sedimentation on the river bed. On the other hand, the Brahmaputra river system is associated with the higher altitude of eastern Himalayan region resulting maximum weathering leads to huge erosion that has been taken place in the upper reaches. Of course, many non stable islands created during the high flood time in the Brahmaputra River, but erosion causes major concern to the heritage land of Majuli besides posing threat to the Dibrugarh, Tezpur town apart from severe erosion at Koliabor, Morigaon, Palashbari, Dhuburi etc.etc.
Failure of embankments at different places have caused major destruction to thousands of thousands villages along with affecting lakhs of lakhs of peoples. Districts of Dhemaji, Lakhimpur, Dibrugarh, sonitpur, Nagoan, Morigaon, Nalbari, Barpeta are the worst affected region due to failure of embankments. In general, embankments are constructed for temporary protection of villages near the banks of the rivers. In fact, flash flood created due to failure of embankments because of various reasons such as age of embankments placed on the on the recent alluvium, quality of embankments, position and alignment of embankments respective to the truncation of rivers, lack of protection of embankments by the dykes, earth dams, spurs, porcupines where it might have been placed in perpendicular directions of rivers to resist the water pressure etc etc. In Assam embankments failed because of above factors along with shallow depth of the rivers due to silt deposition on the river bed that have decreased the capacity of water discharges of various tributaries. The floods in the Sunitpur, Lakhimpur and Dhemaji district are due to low carrying capacity of water by the river because of deposition of huge siltation on the river bed and tend to flows many directions. These rivers are Jiabharali, Jiadhol, Siemens, Gai, Ranganadi etc. From the preliminary study of high resolution of satellite imagery, it has found that the river systems within the districts of Sonitpur, Lakhimpur, Dhemaji, Sibsagar,Jorhat, have been shifted several times in the recent geological past along with the mighty Brahmaputra. From the road section of Jonai to Lakhimpur, it is found that about 15 nos of significant rivers comes down abruptly from the foothills of Arunachal Pradesh to the Brahmautra and Subansiri in the Dhemaji and Lakhimpur districts. Cultural heritage land the Majuli is also controlled by the Subansiri, Dhansiri and Brahputra River. From the preliminary study of space technology it may be assumed that biggest river Island Majuli was borne after shifting of Brahmaputra River to the southern part in the Jorhat district alongwith the shifting of Subansiririver to ward western part in the Lakhimpur District. In these two districts the shifting of river had occurred in the recent geological past. It has also been found that the catchment area of rivers like Jiadhaol, Gai, Simen are not so large in comparing with the catchment of Subansiri and Ranganadi. The Jiadhol catchment is below the Subansiri catchment and its shape and size of the Catchment is a type of lenticular in nature and water comes down heavily and needs watershed prioritization to minimize the flood havoc in the Dhemaji area. Watershed prioritization prevents erosion and help to reduce damaging run off besides the increasing rate of infiltration to the ground water tables.
This is true that Assam is flood prone state in the world due to its around 40.15% land area are flood prone because of structural set up and around 4.85 % of land eroded along with 4056 kms of length of embankments and all total 176 rivers (48 high order and 128 low order drainages) besides 150 places are sensitive to breach embankments. Due to the complex geological and physiographical set up with the belt of ecologically wettest monsoon the Assam is always a flood prone states. Besides it, there are the major concerns for the issues like global warming phenomena, type of proposed hydro power projects and degradation of vegetation in the upper catchment area which would be the caused for accelerating the flood havoc in the forthcoming years.
The flood disaster management in the long term measures would definitely cover the ongoing multipurpose hydro power projects in the Arunachal Pradesh but should be provision of flood cushion which will definitely help to mitigate the flood and to reduce the risk hazards in the Brahmaputra valley. At the same time, there are also to be thinking that the upstream hydro power plant would be set up in the area of high seismic activity where many of past seismic epicenters are in the Arunachal Pradesh. Height of the Gravity Dam is also a major concern because more height of dam would more generate the power and more capacity of reservoir. But from the various factors such as huge siltation, abnormal behavior of climates & rainfalls due to global warming, lack of availability of hydrological data of Tibetan plateau, eastern Himalayan tertiary rocks, height of the altitude, high seismic prone zone, present river’s discharge capacity, socio economic conditions along the downstream, lack of infrastructure and facilities, lack of disaster preparedness plan, type of proposed Dam , at present ,it is better to keep the Dam height low for the benefit of the people of this region and reducing the risk flood hazard mitigation.
Flood disaster preparedness is purely a scientific phenomenon which basically deals with pre disaster mapping and its scenario for probable flood hazards mitigation with the help of different thematic integration like rainfall estimation, digital elevation models, catchment’s hydrological statistics, periodic flood zoning, population distributions, type of socio economic conditions, social and physical infrastructures, dam break assessment, geo-environmental components apart from capacity and type of resources. In the recent trend of flood disaster preparedness the first and foremost parameters of flood disasters evaluation is a Doppler radar phenomenon .National Weather Service of USA can provide accurate warning system with the help of relevant images acquired from Doppler radars of more than 150 sites.
The centre has come up for setting up 55 doppler radar across the country which is a big achievement in the Indian sub continents. But there is need for installing sufficient numbers of Doppler radar in the entire northeastern regions for the output of images includes reflectivity, velocity and rainfall information. Doppler radar can help to find out the precipitation amount and its dimension which are desperately required in the entire catchment of Brahmautra valley in a network manner for its calibration of accurate result.
Another recent trend of Flood disaster preparedness is the meterological satellites centres of NOAA or INSAT series which can simulate for forecasting of weather and climates in the specific areas. The warning and communication systems will be upgraded if the above technology can be utilized and thereafter peoples of downstream areas can be alerted through Radio, TV and regular bulletins.
Selection of sites and its numbers are important in the installing the Doppler radar to forecast the rainfall in the different catchment and thereafter simulation of result for forecasting of floods in the various downstream areas. This technology should have been used by the NHPC and NEEPCO in their respective catchment areas to manage the runoff and to control flow of rivers respective to the reservoir statistics so that it would not be damaged maximum to the downstream area. There is need to develop communication devices between the state Government and the Hydro Power Company like NEEPCO for the benefit of the downstream people. The hydro project named Ranganadi , a run-of-the-river scheme and involves construction of a 60 m high concrete gravity diversion dam for conveying water through a 10 km long tunnel with 6.8 m diameter to generate 405 MW (3 x 135 MW) of power. It has been proved that the Ranganadi, run of river project having interred transfer basin to Dikrong which releasing water through 6 spillway gate consisting 120 sq m of each gate cannot minimize the flood hazards in the downstream area and has influenced more flood havoc in the lower reaches of Lakhimpur District. Released of water from Umrong and Khondon reservoir of NEEPCO had also created flood havoc in the Nowgaon and Morigaon District in the 2004. The proposed dam with highest produce of 3000 MW of Dibang Project is an also serious concern for the Dibrugarh District due to its physiographic pattern of Dibrugarh and Sibsagar District. Dam break failure and its assessment might have been done before going to complete this project by the NHPC. Inter transfer of river basin option may have been also a good concept for managing the river in the Brahmaputra valley but requires update river database with the help of recent technology.
The State Disaster Management Authority headed by chief Minister of Assam was formed recently under the guidelines of National Disaster management Authority headed by the Prime Minister of India. The Revenue and Disaster Management Department of Assam has taken lot of innovative measures for preventing the flood disasters and has recently stressed scientific inputs for evaluation of disaster preparedness plan for mitigating flood hazards
The Brahmaputra is the fourth biggest river in the world in terms of annual discharge rate of about 19,830 cubic meter per second as its mouth and its catchments area is about 5, 80,000 sq.km located in the eastern Himalayan ranges and its neighbors that has occupied the area belonging to the four countries in percentage i.e. Tibetan Plateau of China (50.52%), India (33.62%), Bhutan (7.76%) and Bangladesh (8.10%). High order drainages of about 52 numbers of tributaries feed the Brahmaputra in the downstream side making it constant viable water resources in the region. Of these, the major 19 tributaries lie in the north bank while 12 others significant tributaries are in the south bank of the mighty river. In general, all total 15 numbers of principal tributaries lies in the Indian Territory. It may be worth mentioned that the Dihang (Siang), i.e. Tsangpo in the upper reaches and Subansiri contributes 37.40% and 10.66% surface run off to the Brahmaputra respectively. Moreover, the other two important tributories like Dibang (sikang) and Lohit contibutes around 7.65% and 9.50% surface runoff to the mighty river. Other tributaries such as Manas contributes water annually 6.75% (38,000 million cubic meters), Sonkosh contributes 3.18% (18,000 million cubic meters) and Burhidihing 2.65% (15,000 million cubic meters) annually to the Brahmaputra basin. Moreover, other important rivers are like Kopili, Jiabharali, Dudhnoi, Krishnai, Pagladia, Beki etc.
It has been seen that different major tributaries of Brahmaputra river such as Dihang, Subansiri, Dibang, Luit, Manas etc. and the significant tributaries and sub tributaries like Jiadhol, Ranganadi, Gai nadi, Simen Nadi, Burhidihing, Kopili, Dudhnoi, Krishnai, Bolbola, Beki, Pagladia are associated with Brahmaputra Valley that have always been causing a periodic flood havoc in the monsoon seasons. In this consequence, watershed prioritization and mamangement of each and every river’s have come most important for mitigation of flood hazards in their downstream areas. The scientific hydrological approach is to bring the tributaries under control so that their water level comes down the danger level during the monsoon period. This huge task seems to be very challenging keeping view in volume of runoff and topographical characteristics. The four tributaries viz Dihang, Dibang,Luit and Subansiri have contributed around 65 percent of water volume to the Basin of mighty Brahmaputra river. The hydrological data of three rivers like Dibang, Subansiri and Luit may be available or may be acquired due to their major catchment area falls in India but there would be required more hydrological data from the Tibetan China as concern to the management of Dihang or Tsangpo River in that part. This is true that Dihang cannot be managed easily due to its large size of hydrological characteristics and there is need to set up a common scientific platform consisting of China and India to manage the Tsangpo along the course. From the satellite images it can be visualized that China’s development activities in the banks of Tsangpo is also going on rapidly and recently they have set up a Air Base with a length of 5 kms and breadh of 1 kms located in the south banks of Tsangpo River near the south of Lhasa. This Air Base has well connected through a bridge with length of about 11 kms which connected to its northern banks and its terrain and another Lhasa river including a 2.5 kms trunnel inside the terrain at 3600 m from the mean sea level.
It is also true that if theses four tributaries come under control than it will be a great help to mitigate the flood hazards in the downstream areas particularly to the upper Assam region. The management of these major rivers including Jiabharali and Burhidihing by collective means of methodologies like aforestation, watershed prioritization, irrigation project, fishing cultivation, ground water recharges, linking of rivers, setting geo-tourism spots at vulnerable location where embankment breached, water way communication, open inundation in the low lying area, multipurpose hydro power projects etc would be very fruitful measures in the long term for minimizing and prevention of flood havoc in the Districts of Dhemaji, Lakhimpur, Dibrugarh, Tinsukia, Sibsagar, and Sunitpur.
The periodic flood havoc is one of the main reasons for which it has always interrupted in increasing trend of per capita income in the state. The state has to lose huge quantity of cultivation on lakhs of hectares of land apart from river bank erosion has been taken place in hundreds of hectares of land. Brahmaputra is the second largest river in terms of load deposition after the yellow river of China where the weathering and Brahmaputra’s bank erosions rate are tremendously increasing due to various factors of geological and technological reasons which will lead to large deposition of siltataion in the river bed. As a result discharge capacities of rivers have come down due to sedimentation on the river bed. On the other hand, the Brahmaputra river system is associated with the higher altitude of eastern Himalayan region resulting maximum weathering leads to huge erosion that has been taken place in the upper reaches. Of course, many non stable islands created during the high flood time in the Brahmaputra River, but erosion causes major concern to the heritage land of Majuli besides posing threat to the Dibrugarh, Tezpur town apart from severe erosion at Koliabor, Morigaon, Palashbari, Dhuburi etc.etc.
Failure of embankments at different places have caused major destruction to thousands of thousands villages along with affecting lakhs of lakhs of peoples. Districts of Dhemaji, Lakhimpur, Dibrugarh, sonitpur, Nagoan, Morigaon, Nalbari, Barpeta are the worst affected region due to failure of embankments. In general, embankments are constructed for temporary protection of villages near the banks of the rivers. In fact, flash flood created due to failure of embankments because of various reasons such as age of embankments placed on the on the recent alluvium, quality of embankments, position and alignment of embankments respective to the truncation of rivers, lack of protection of embankments by the dykes, earth dams, spurs, porcupines where it might have been placed in perpendicular directions of rivers to resist the water pressure etc etc. In Assam embankments failed because of above factors along with shallow depth of the rivers due to silt deposition on the river bed that have decreased the capacity of water discharges of various tributaries. The floods in the Sunitpur, Lakhimpur and Dhemaji district are due to low carrying capacity of water by the river because of deposition of huge siltation on the river bed and tend to flows many directions. These rivers are Jiabharali, Jiadhol, Siemens, Gai, Ranganadi etc. From the preliminary study of high resolution of satellite imagery, it has found that the river systems within the districts of Sonitpur, Lakhimpur, Dhemaji, Sibsagar,Jorhat, have been shifted several times in the recent geological past along with the mighty Brahmaputra. From the road section of Jonai to Lakhimpur, it is found that about 15 nos of significant rivers comes down abruptly from the foothills of Arunachal Pradesh to the Brahmautra and Subansiri in the Dhemaji and Lakhimpur districts. Cultural heritage land the Majuli is also controlled by the Subansiri, Dhansiri and Brahputra River. From the preliminary study of space technology it may be assumed that biggest river Island Majuli was borne after shifting of Brahmaputra River to the southern part in the Jorhat district alongwith the shifting of Subansiririver to ward western part in the Lakhimpur District. In these two districts the shifting of river had occurred in the recent geological past. It has also been found that the catchment area of rivers like Jiadhaol, Gai, Simen are not so large in comparing with the catchment of Subansiri and Ranganadi. The Jiadhol catchment is below the Subansiri catchment and its shape and size of the Catchment is a type of lenticular in nature and water comes down heavily and needs watershed prioritization to minimize the flood havoc in the Dhemaji area. Watershed prioritization prevents erosion and help to reduce damaging run off besides the increasing rate of infiltration to the ground water tables.
This is true that Assam is flood prone state in the world due to its around 40.15% land area are flood prone because of structural set up and around 4.85 % of land eroded along with 4056 kms of length of embankments and all total 176 rivers (48 high order and 128 low order drainages) besides 150 places are sensitive to breach embankments. Due to the complex geological and physiographical set up with the belt of ecologically wettest monsoon the Assam is always a flood prone states. Besides it, there are the major concerns for the issues like global warming phenomena, type of proposed hydro power projects and degradation of vegetation in the upper catchment area which would be the caused for accelerating the flood havoc in the forthcoming years.
The flood disaster management in the long term measures would definitely cover the ongoing multipurpose hydro power projects in the Arunachal Pradesh but should be provision of flood cushion which will definitely help to mitigate the flood and to reduce the risk hazards in the Brahmaputra valley. At the same time, there are also to be thinking that the upstream hydro power plant would be set up in the area of high seismic activity where many of past seismic epicenters are in the Arunachal Pradesh. Height of the Gravity Dam is also a major concern because more height of dam would more generate the power and more capacity of reservoir. But from the various factors such as huge siltation, abnormal behavior of climates & rainfalls due to global warming, lack of availability of hydrological data of Tibetan plateau, eastern Himalayan tertiary rocks, height of the altitude, high seismic prone zone, present river’s discharge capacity, socio economic conditions along the downstream, lack of infrastructure and facilities, lack of disaster preparedness plan, type of proposed Dam , at present ,it is better to keep the Dam height low for the benefit of the people of this region and reducing the risk flood hazard mitigation.
Flood disaster preparedness is purely a scientific phenomenon which basically deals with pre disaster mapping and its scenario for probable flood hazards mitigation with the help of different thematic integration like rainfall estimation, digital elevation models, catchment’s hydrological statistics, periodic flood zoning, population distributions, type of socio economic conditions, social and physical infrastructures, dam break assessment, geo-environmental components apart from capacity and type of resources. In the recent trend of flood disaster preparedness the first and foremost parameters of flood disasters evaluation is a Doppler radar phenomenon .National Weather Service of USA can provide accurate warning system with the help of relevant images acquired from Doppler radars of more than 150 sites.
The centre has come up for setting up 55 doppler radar across the country which is a big achievement in the Indian sub continents. But there is need for installing sufficient numbers of Doppler radar in the entire northeastern regions for the output of images includes reflectivity, velocity and rainfall information. Doppler radar can help to find out the precipitation amount and its dimension which are desperately required in the entire catchment of Brahmautra valley in a network manner for its calibration of accurate result.
Another recent trend of Flood disaster preparedness is the meterological satellites centres of NOAA or INSAT series which can simulate for forecasting of weather and climates in the specific areas. The warning and communication systems will be upgraded if the above technology can be utilized and thereafter peoples of downstream areas can be alerted through Radio, TV and regular bulletins.
Selection of sites and its numbers are important in the installing the Doppler radar to forecast the rainfall in the different catchment and thereafter simulation of result for forecasting of floods in the various downstream areas. This technology should have been used by the NHPC and NEEPCO in their respective catchment areas to manage the runoff and to control flow of rivers respective to the reservoir statistics so that it would not be damaged maximum to the downstream area. There is need to develop communication devices between the state Government and the Hydro Power Company like NEEPCO for the benefit of the downstream people. The hydro project named Ranganadi , a run-of-the-river scheme and involves construction of a 60 m high concrete gravity diversion dam for conveying water through a 10 km long tunnel with 6.8 m diameter to generate 405 MW (3 x 135 MW) of power. It has been proved that the Ranganadi, run of river project having interred transfer basin to Dikrong which releasing water through 6 spillway gate consisting 120 sq m of each gate cannot minimize the flood hazards in the downstream area and has influenced more flood havoc in the lower reaches of Lakhimpur District. Released of water from Umrong and Khondon reservoir of NEEPCO had also created flood havoc in the Nowgaon and Morigaon District in the 2004. The proposed dam with highest produce of 3000 MW of Dibang Project is an also serious concern for the Dibrugarh District due to its physiographic pattern of Dibrugarh and Sibsagar District. Dam break failure and its assessment might have been done before going to complete this project by the NHPC. Inter transfer of river basin option may have been also a good concept for managing the river in the Brahmaputra valley but requires update river database with the help of recent technology.
The State Disaster Management Authority headed by chief Minister of Assam was formed recently under the guidelines of National Disaster management Authority headed by the Prime Minister of India. The Revenue and Disaster Management Department of Assam has taken lot of innovative measures for preventing the flood disasters and has recently stressed scientific inputs for evaluation of disaster preparedness plan for mitigating flood hazards
Mussoorie Tourist Attraction Places Information
Having green hills and fauna flora, 34 Kms from Dehradun, Mussoorie is an attractive hill station of UttaraKhand. An unforgettable view of Dehradun in night, a wonderfull scene of Doon valley and Himalayan ranges. In 1827 a military officer Captain Young discovered Mussoorie. Being a Gateway of sharines Gangotri and Yamunotri with one end Ganga river and other end Yamun River, Mussoorie is one of the best place to attract the tourist from all over the India and International.Excellent climate, scenic beauty, and entertainment makes it attractive holiday tourist place. Thousands tourists are attracted by the Kempty falls which is 11 Kms from the Mussoorie and located on Yamunotri Road is the largest water fall. Camel's back hill is reachable by electric trolly, and the most popular peaks like Sri Kantha, Kedarnath, Badrinath, Bandar-poonch, Nanda Devi are visible from here in the clear sky. Gun Hill can be enjoyed by ropeway ride, Mussoorie second hightest peak and provides panoramic look of Himalayan. Newly developed on Dehradun-Mussoorie road Mussoorie Lake is wonderful picnic spot. Dhanolti offers relaxed holiday by giving excellent valleys view and Himalayan peaks view, is 24 Kms from the Mussoorie. Ideal trekking spot, Nagtibba is 34 kms from Mussorrie.Surkanda Devi temple is located near village Kaddukhal on mountain at 3030 mts above the sea, Ganga Dussehra fair held every year in the month of May June, entertains thousands people. Lal Tibba is the highest point in Mussoorie and gives excellent landscape view, it is located in Landour, one can clearly see the snowy Himalayan peaks like Kedarnath and Badrinath. It is very pretty and convenient to travelling Mussoorie because it is properly connected to the Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Delhi and UttarKhand. Jolly Grant Airport located in Dehradun and Railway Station is in Dehradun too, Haridwar and Rishikesh is also well connected throught railway and roads with the Mussoorie. Mussoorie is spreaded into 15 Kms length. Mussoorie is properly joined by roads to Saharanpur, Dehradun, Roorkee, and Delhi.Mussoorie gives International level accommodation for the tourists. It hasBudget Hotels: Hotel Dunsvirk Court, Hotel Connaught Castle, Ashoka Continental, Hotel Honeymoon Inn, Classic Heights, Filigree Mussoorie, Emerald Heights, Lords Mussoorie, Horizon Mussoorie, Nand Residency, Midtown Hotel, Starz Regency, Peak View, Hotel Shipra, Western Hotel, Hotel Valley View. Mussoorie Heritage Hotels: Hotel Kasmanda Palace, Hotel Savoy, Hotel Claridges Nabha Residence, Padmini Nivas3 Star Hotels in Mussoorie: Hotel Fort Resorts, Hotel Country Inn Mussoorie, Hotel Surbee Resorts, Green Castle, Hotel Green n Breeze Resorts, Solitaire Plaza, Hotel Pear4 Star Hotels: Shiva Continental, Hotel Avalon Resorts, Hotel Park Plaza Sylverton 5 Star Hotels: Hotel Jaypee Residency Manor.
Ezee flight is a complete travel destination management center providing all travel & tour related services from Airline and Railway tickets, travel Insurance, Visas to packages for leisure and business travellers with specially designed tours. It is owned by a reputed travel & tour company, which was established and active in business
Ezee flight is a complete travel destination management center providing all travel & tour related services from Airline and Railway tickets, travel Insurance, Visas to packages for leisure and business travellers with specially designed tours. It is owned by a reputed travel & tour company, which was established and active in business
Magnificent Glacier Tours in India
Indian Himalayas is the origin of many glaciers and important rivers of Asia. In fact Indian Himalayan range is one of the few ranges in the world that offers different kinds of glaciers. Especially the Jammu and Kashmir glaciers and glaciers of Ladakh are of one of the world’s most famous glaciers known for its beauty and major tourist’s destinations. Today it won’t be wrong to say that touring to these Himalayan glaciers is all about enjoying the best travel experience coupled with just right amount of activity and scenic beauty. Gifted with superb natural beauty, the magnetic and magnificent glaciers in India deserve the attentions of tourists and vacationers from all over the world. Scenic landscapes, snow-clad mountain peaks, scenic zigzag mountain paths, chatty mountain streams, lovely lakes, lively valleys, pleasant climate are some of the few characteristics of glaciers in India that makes very popular as tourists destinations. Besides this there are many beautiful ice fed lakes in high altitudes which as enthusiastic trekkers destinations. In addition to this, many tourists from across the world prefer having glacier tour in India, because it acts as an ideal destination to enjoy different outdoor activities like hiking and camping. Among the large number of glaciers in India, the most popular are Gangotri Glacier, Nanda Devi Glacier, Milam and Siachen Glacier. Gangotri Glacier is the Himalayan glacier situated in the Uttarkashi district in the Indian state of Uttaranchal. It is the largest glacier in the Garhwal Himalayas. Milam is another well known and one of the largest Glaciers in the Kumaon region. It is situated on the Pithoragarh district of Uttarakhand, India, at the height of 4250 meters above the sea level and provides breathtaking views of well known mountains like Trishul and Hardeol. The Siachen Glacier is yet another important glacier in India. Located in the extreme north central part of Jammu and Kashmir near the Indo - Tibet border, it is the prime glacier in the world outside the Polar Regions. Hispar glacier is the third largest glacier in the Himalayan region. Touring to Hispar glacier offers a best opportunity to visit its central part which is primarily famous for its vast snowfield while its sides contain debris eroded by the huge body of moving ice. Moreover, one can also enjoy the trekking tour to Pindari Glacier which can be yet another unsurpassable and an exhilarating experience.Today there are many travel operators who offer separate economical tour packages at these glaciers. They can even help you book your glacier tour and arrange an excellent accommodation. Irrespective of the fact whether you are an individual, a couple, family or a group, you can get suitable packages. With proper support of a tour operator you can surely make your glacier tour memorable and cost effective.
In past few years, glacier touring programs in India have gained tremendous popularity. Peak Adventure Tour, a leading adventure tour operator in India, specializes in glacier tour, trekking tours, mountaineering, mountain biking, river rafting, motor biking, climbing and many other adventure related activities. Learn here about different glacier touring spots where you can enjoy your tour. For more visit us at PeakAdventureTour.com
In past few years, glacier touring programs in India have gained tremendous popularity. Peak Adventure Tour, a leading adventure tour operator in India, specializes in glacier tour, trekking tours, mountaineering, mountain biking, river rafting, motor biking, climbing and many other adventure related activities. Learn here about different glacier touring spots where you can enjoy your tour. For more visit us at PeakAdventureTour.com
Darjeeling –queen of the Hills
Mention Darjeeling and it evokes many images- Queen of the Hills, lush green tea gardens, the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway, sturdy Gorkhas and amazing views of Mt. Kanchenjunga. Going beyond these images, Darjeeling has much to offer in terms of its cultural diversity, education and exciting opportunities for lovers of adventure sports. Like most other hill stations in India, the British developed Darjeeling as a respite from the oppressing summer heat in the Gangetic plains. Located in the lower Shivalik Hills region of the Himalayas at a height of 2,134m above sea level, Darjeeling toll the initial years of the 19th century was a part of Nepal and Sikkim. After a lease agreement with the Chogyal of Sikkim in 1835, the British started developing Darjeeling as a hill station. After independence, Darjeeling became a part of the state of West Bengal.
MUST TO SEE Chowrasta and the Mall Like most other hill stations developed during the British era, the Mall in Darjeeling is the centre of all the action. It is the place around which you will find most of the tourist amenities including hotels, restaurants, souvenir shops, banks, ATMs, post offices and street vendors selling sweaters, paintings and imitation Jewellery.
Observatory Hill Or a splendid view of the snow-clad Kanchenjunga, walk up to Observatory Hill, which is located near Chowrasta or the Mall.
Lloyd’s Botanical Garden Many of the plant species native to the Darjeeling Himalayan hill Region can be seen at Lloyd’s Botanical Garden.
Karma Dorjee Chyoling Monastery (Bhutia Busty Monastery)First built in 1765 on Observatory Hill by Lama Dorje-rinzing, the Bhutia Busty is the oldest monastery in Darjeeling.
Himalayan Mountaineering Institute (HMI)The Government of India established the Himalayan Mountaineering Institute (HMI) in 1954 to give a fillip to this adventure sport in the country.
Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park Established in 1958 by the state of West Bengal, Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park specializes in captive breeding of alpine animals like Snow Leopards and Red Panda.
Ghoom Ghoom hosts on of the world’s highest railway stations at an altitude of 2,225.7m and is known for the Yiga Choeling Monastery that dominates this small hilly place.
Darjeeling-Rangeet Valley Passenger Ropeway The first ropeway in India and the longest in Asia, Darjeeling-Rangeet Valley Passenger Ropeway offer spectacular views. It is located at North Point about 3km from the town. A shaerd taxi service is available to reach here. It is not too far from the zoo.
Go on a tour of tea estates All the hills around Darjeeling produce the world’s finest tea. Darjeeling’s tea gardens are a picturesque sight, covering terraced hill slopes, upto an altitude of 1,950m. While in Darjeeling, you should seize the opportunity to tour some reknowned tea estates. You can walk through the estates, explore a tea factory and see how moisture is extracted from tealeaves and how they are rolled and withered, sifted, fermented, dried and sorted.
What to Eat A fairly good number of Tibetans and Nepalese in Darjeeling ensure that you will get delicious momos and hot steaming thukpas everywhere, more so at the Mall Road and Chowrasta. But momos and thukpas are not the only dishes you can relish. Try local delicacies like Wai Wai and Churpee while here. Wai Wai is a thick noodle eaten in soup of dry.
What to shop for The Mall and Chowrasta are choc-a-bloc with shops selling all kinds of curios, sweaters, cardigans, pullovers and other winter garments. You can buy local handicrafts as souvenir. We have a list of some important shops and markets. But the first thing on your list of shopping items should be Darjeeling tea.
BEST TIME TO VISIT June to September are the monsoon months hence avoid travelling to Darjeeling then. The best time to visit Darjeeling is from mid-September to mid-December and from mid –march to mid –June.
HOW TO REACH By Air: Bagdogra is the nearest airport to Darjeeling. Two main domestic carriers, Indian Airlines and Jet Air, operate from Bagdogra. By Rail: Visitors may also travel to Darjeeling from NJP, by the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway. This famous journey lasts 7 to 8 hours. Alternatively, you may travel by road to Darjeeling, from New Jalpaiguri, by a scenic rout. By Road: the journey by road offers breathtaking views of earth, water and sky, as the vehicle climbs from near sea level at Bagdogra near Siliguri, to an altitude of about 7,500ft at Darjeeling
MUST TO SEE Chowrasta and the Mall Like most other hill stations developed during the British era, the Mall in Darjeeling is the centre of all the action. It is the place around which you will find most of the tourist amenities including hotels, restaurants, souvenir shops, banks, ATMs, post offices and street vendors selling sweaters, paintings and imitation Jewellery.
Observatory Hill Or a splendid view of the snow-clad Kanchenjunga, walk up to Observatory Hill, which is located near Chowrasta or the Mall.
Lloyd’s Botanical Garden Many of the plant species native to the Darjeeling Himalayan hill Region can be seen at Lloyd’s Botanical Garden.
Karma Dorjee Chyoling Monastery (Bhutia Busty Monastery)First built in 1765 on Observatory Hill by Lama Dorje-rinzing, the Bhutia Busty is the oldest monastery in Darjeeling.
Himalayan Mountaineering Institute (HMI)The Government of India established the Himalayan Mountaineering Institute (HMI) in 1954 to give a fillip to this adventure sport in the country.
Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park Established in 1958 by the state of West Bengal, Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park specializes in captive breeding of alpine animals like Snow Leopards and Red Panda.
Ghoom Ghoom hosts on of the world’s highest railway stations at an altitude of 2,225.7m and is known for the Yiga Choeling Monastery that dominates this small hilly place.
Darjeeling-Rangeet Valley Passenger Ropeway The first ropeway in India and the longest in Asia, Darjeeling-Rangeet Valley Passenger Ropeway offer spectacular views. It is located at North Point about 3km from the town. A shaerd taxi service is available to reach here. It is not too far from the zoo.
Go on a tour of tea estates All the hills around Darjeeling produce the world’s finest tea. Darjeeling’s tea gardens are a picturesque sight, covering terraced hill slopes, upto an altitude of 1,950m. While in Darjeeling, you should seize the opportunity to tour some reknowned tea estates. You can walk through the estates, explore a tea factory and see how moisture is extracted from tealeaves and how they are rolled and withered, sifted, fermented, dried and sorted.
What to Eat A fairly good number of Tibetans and Nepalese in Darjeeling ensure that you will get delicious momos and hot steaming thukpas everywhere, more so at the Mall Road and Chowrasta. But momos and thukpas are not the only dishes you can relish. Try local delicacies like Wai Wai and Churpee while here. Wai Wai is a thick noodle eaten in soup of dry.
What to shop for The Mall and Chowrasta are choc-a-bloc with shops selling all kinds of curios, sweaters, cardigans, pullovers and other winter garments. You can buy local handicrafts as souvenir. We have a list of some important shops and markets. But the first thing on your list of shopping items should be Darjeeling tea.
BEST TIME TO VISIT June to September are the monsoon months hence avoid travelling to Darjeeling then. The best time to visit Darjeeling is from mid-September to mid-December and from mid –march to mid –June.
HOW TO REACH By Air: Bagdogra is the nearest airport to Darjeeling. Two main domestic carriers, Indian Airlines and Jet Air, operate from Bagdogra. By Rail: Visitors may also travel to Darjeeling from NJP, by the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway. This famous journey lasts 7 to 8 hours. Alternatively, you may travel by road to Darjeeling, from New Jalpaiguri, by a scenic rout. By Road: the journey by road offers breathtaking views of earth, water and sky, as the vehicle climbs from near sea level at Bagdogra near Siliguri, to an altitude of about 7,500ft at Darjeeling
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